Effect of Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling on Macular Structure and Metamorphopsia Scores in Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane Surgery

1. INTRODUCTION

Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane (ERM) is characterized by avascular fibrocellular proliferation located at the central macula on the inner Limiting Membrane (ILM) [1]. While the estimated prevalence is 2% in the population aged less than 60 years, this prevalence is up to 12-20% in population beyond age 70 [2]. ERM can cause metamorphosia, macropsia, micropsia and monocular diplopia as well as decrease in visual acuity. Pars Plana Vitrectomy (PPV) and removal of the membrane are performed as standard surgical procedure in ERM surgery. The rate of improvement in visual acuity after successful surgery has been reported to be 90% [3-6]. However, ERM recurrence occurs in 10% of patients if the ERM peeling is performed alone and approximately 2% of these patients require re-treatment [3]. Therefore, ILM peeling has been recently added to standard surgery to reduce the recurrence [7]. Since ILM is a basal lamina formed by the footplates of Muller cells, peeling of this membrane can cause functional and morphological damage to the retina. Therefore, current role of ILM peeling in ERM surgery is still controversial. While some studies reported that ILM peeling did not have a negative effect on the macula [7, 8], the others reported impaired electrophysiological responses [9, 10]

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of ILM peeling combined with ERM surgery on macular volume, visual acuity and metamorphosia scores.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Our study was conducted prospectively between January 2018 and June 2018 at the Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital. The patients were included in the study in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki after the approval of the local ethics committee (Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, date: 17.01.2018, reference no: [5]). The study included 36 eyes of 34 patients with idiopathic ERM. ERM peeling were performed alone in 19 patients and combined with ILM peeling in the remaining 17 patients. The types of surgical procedures to be undergone to the patients were determined randomly. Both patients and investigators were masked to the intervention. Only the surgeon was aware of the randomization result. The inclusion criteria for ERM surgery were defined according to the patients' visual acuity and the presence of metamorphosia. When the visual acuity was less than 20/30 regardless of metamorphosis, the surgery was recommended. However, in patients whose visual acuity was better than 20/30 at diagnosis, the surgery was recommended in the presence of moderate or severe metamorphosis. Patients with secondary ERM due to retinal vascular diseases, ocular inflammation, blunt or penetrating trauma, previous ocular surgery, laser photocoagulation, and cryotherapy were excluded. Patients with previous vitrectomy, additional macular disease and grade 2 or more advanced nuclear cataracts were also excluded. The demographic data of all patients were recorded. Detailed ophthalmological examination including Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp exam, intraocular pressure measurement, and dilated fundus examination was performed before and 4 months after the surgery. BCVA was measured by Snellen chart and converted to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). Fundus examination was performed with a 78- or 90- diopter lens and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Metamorphopsia scores vertical and horizontal metamorphopsia scores (VM and HM) were measured at a distance of 30 cm using the M-CHARTS system (Inami, Japan) after correcting the refractive error with spectacles for near vision. Measurement of macular volume including Retinal Nerve Fiber layer (RNFL), Ganglion Cell Layer (GCL), Inner Plexiform Layer (IPL), Inner Nuclear Layer (INL), Outer Plexiform Layer (OPL) and Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL) were measured automatically with Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany). All OCT measurements were performed with the same OCT device by the same technician. In addition, same OCT scanning protocol was applied to all patients during each visit. A standard three-port PPV was performed in all patients by the same surgeon (S.G.K.) using a 23 gauge system. Phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens implantation were performed simultaneously if the patients were phakic. After core vitrectomy, posterior hyaloid membrane was removed. Following this procedure, trypan blue 0.06% (TB) was used to stain the ERM, and then ERM was removed from the retinal surface by tangential forces using microforceps. After ERM peeling, TB was injected in the vitreous cavity again to stain the ILM. While ILM was removed with the help of microforceps in ILM-peeling group, TB was aspirated without ILM removal in non-ILM peeling group. Finally, sulfur hexafluoride 20% (SF6) was given in all cases as an internal tamponade and the sclerotomies were closed with an applicator.

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 for Windows (SPSS, Inc.; Chicago, USA) package program. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shaphiro-Wilk tests were used to normality test for continuous variables. Descriptive values are defined as the number (n), percentage (%), mean, median, standard deviation (SD). Pearson chi-square, Yates corrected chi-square and Fisher tests were used to compare categorical variables. While parametric tests (paired sample t test and independent t test) were used for normally distributed data, nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U test) were used for non-normally distributed data. The relationship between the variables was evaluated with Pearson Correlation Test. The level of statistical significance was accepted as p < 0.05.

3. RESULTS

Thirty-six eyes of 34 patients were included in the study. The mean ages of the ILM peeling group (9 male, 8 female) and non-ILM peeling group (9 male, 10 female) were 67.47 ± 5.99 and 67.68 ± 6.23, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics Table 1. A comparison of BCVA (log MAR) and metamorphopsia scores (M-charts) between both groups are presented in Table 2. There was a statistically significant decrease in metamorphopsia scores (HM and VM) in both groups after the surgery. Also, a significant visual improvement was observed in both groups postoperatively when compared to preoperative values. However, no statistically significant difference was found between two groups in terms of BCVA and metamorphopsia scores (HM and VM) before and after surgery. A comparison of BCVA (log MAR) and metamorphopsia scores (M-charts) between two groups are shown in Table 3. In the non-ILM peeling group, there was a statistically significant decrease in total macular, RNFL, GHL, IPL and OPL volumes, but a significant increase in the ONL volume. In the ILM peeling group, there was a statistically significant decrease in the total macular, RNFL, IPL and OPL volumes, but there was a statistically significant increase in ONL volumes. When compared to retinal volumes between surgical groups, there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of GHL volume, GHL volume was significantly higher in the non-ILM peeling group than ILM peeling group before surgery. However, no statistically significant difference was found in other retinal layers volumes between the two groups Table 4. There was a negative correlation between preoperative metamorphopsia scores (VM and HM) and postoperative VM score changes (∆VM) in both groups. A similar correlation was also observed in postoperative HM score changes (∆HM) Table 5.

4. DISCUSSION

ERM is a fibrocellular membrane formed on the retinal surface by fibroblasts, macrophages, glial cells, and myofibroblasts [1]. PVD-induced ILM breaks occur in almost all of the patients with ERM and glial cells are proliferated after migrating to the retinal surface from the breaks. Due to the fibrocellular formation in the ERM, tangential pulling forces occur on the retina and these forces may cause wrinkles and distortions. As a result, visual acuity decreases and metamorphopsia occurs [11]. PPV and ERM peeling have been performed as a standard surgical procedure in ERM surgery since the 1970s. However, recent studies have suggested that ILM peeling should be added to the standard treatment because it reduces ERM relapse [12]. Many studies have been suggested that ILM peeling may reduce ERM recurrence [7, 8]. In a study by Park et al. [7], while recurrence rate was found 21% in non-ILM peeling group, there was no recurrence in ILM peeling group [7].

In an electron microscope examination conducted by Gandorfer et al. [13], the authors examined pathological data on the ERM removal with and without ILM peeling. They suggested that simple ERM removal resulted in sufficient separation of fibrocellular tissue in one-third of patients. In the remaining two-thirds of the patients, the vitreous cortex splits (vitreoschisis) and leaving an average of 20% of the total cell count behind on the ILM. Due to the proliferation capability of the cells that caused ERM recurrence, the authors suggested that ILM peeling should be added to ERM surgery. Due to the increasing rate of ILM peeling in ERM surgery, the functional and morphological effects of ILM peeling on the macula have been started to investigate. Since ILM consists of Muller cell footplates that act as a skeleton in the retina and are responsible for signal transduction, the peeling of this membrane may cause damage to Muller cells. While some studies [7, 8] in the literature reported that ILM peeling did not have a negative effect on the macula, the others stated that electrophysiological responses and visual field were impaired, but visual acuity was not affected [9, 10].

The most common complication of ERM surgery is cataract formation occurring in 60% of the patients. Therefore, most surgeons prefer the simultaneous cataract and ERM surgery [14, 15]. Many studies have shown that there is no difference in visual outcomes between consecutive and combined surgeries performed in ERM surgery [16]. In a study, it was reported that combined surgery reduced the expenses and the required time interval to achieve final visual acuity [17]. Based on the results of these studies, we performed combined surgery in all phakic cases included in our study. Thus, we believe that we prevent the negative effect of cataract formation on test parameters [18].

The effect of ILM peeling on visual acuity still remains unclear [7, 8, 10, 19-25]. Several studies indicated that ILM peeling did not affect the BCVA after the ERM surgery [7, 8, 10, 19-22, 24, 25] Bovey et al. [26] reported that ILM peeling had a positive effect on visual outcomes. In a recent study by Tranos P et al. [27], the authors reported that ILM peeling did not affect the visual outcomes. In a recent meta-analysis study, visual acuity was found better in the ILM peeling group 18 months after the surgery, although it was worse during the first year [28]. In our study, a statistically significant increase in visual acuity was observed in both surgical groups after the surgery, but no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in accordance with the literature.

Many studies have emphasized that structural macular changes occurred following the ERM surgery. One of the studies indicated that foveal thickness and macular volume decreased rapidly after ERM surgery [29]. However, there are few studies evaluating the thickness and volume of the retinal layers separately. Won JY et al. [30], stated that there was a significant decrease in the thickness and volume of inner retinal layers after ILM peeling group. Lee et al. [31] reported that RNFL thickness was decreased in ERM patients at 12 months after surgery. Some studies indicated a decrease in RNFL at 3 months after ILM peeling and then the decrease was found more evident in the following months [32, 33].

In an immunohistochemical study conducted by Kenawy N et al. [34], ILM specimens obtained during the vitrectomy were examined by light microscopy. The authors stated that removal of the ILM was more difficult in ERM surgery than in MH surgery. The percentage of glial and/or neuronal cells detected on the retinal surface of the ILM was found lower in the MH group (32%) than ERM group (65%) [34]. The percentages were attributed to fibrosis which was formed under ILM in ERM patients and the authors suggested that ILM peeling might cause RNFL loss. In our study, there was a statistically significant decrease in RNFL volumes after surgery in both surgery groups. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Therefore, we considered that the decrease in RNFL volume might result from the disappearing of retinal traction which caused swelling of RNFL rather than RNFL loss.

Recent studies have reported that ILM peeling may cause deterioration of Muller cell orientation, decrease in retinal sensitivity and b-wave changes in electroretinography [35, 36]. In a study conducted by Deltour JB et al. [37], the authors investigated the microperimetric consequences of ILM peeling in idiopathic ERM surgery. They reported that ILM peeling did not affect the visual acuity after surgery but increased the development of deeper microscotomas. In recent studies, some anatomical damages such as separation of retinal nerve fibers and pitting of the inner retinal layers have been reported [38, 39]. In a randomized controlled trial, although there was no significant difference in visual acuity in the ILM peeling group compared with non-ILM peeling group, lower retinal sensitivity and higher rate of microscotoma were found in microperimetric measurements [40]. Based on these results, it is considered that the minimal mechanical damage to the retina resulted from ILM peeling is subclinical.

Vital Dyes which are organic molecules containing chromophores can selectively and reliably stain intraocular tissues. Various vital dyes including TB, indocyanine green (ICG), infracyanine Green (IfCG), Triamcinolone Acetonide (TA), and Brilliant Blue G (BBG) have been defined for vitreoretinal surgery in the literature. While ICG, IfCG, and BBG selectively stain ILM, TB stains ERM [41]. Staining of ILM with TB remains controversial. Although some surgeons reported that ILM did not stain with TB [42,43], others showed that TB stained both ILM and ERM adequately allowing complete removal. They suggested that it might be a better alternative for staining ILM and ERM [44,45]. Similarly, in our study, we observed that 0.06% TB enabled the identification of ILM during the surgical procedure.

Gas tamponade is not routinely used in a standard ERM surgery unless a peripheral retinal tear occurs [46-48]. However; Emrani et al. [49] reported the positive effects of the gas tamponade on the morphological and functional results in ERM surgery. They reported better visual outcomes and less central retinal thickness in patients receiving gas tamponade. The authors suggested that this improvement was due to the flattening and reducing effects of SF6 on retinal folds. In our clinical practice, we routinely use SF6 in ERM surgery. The main reasons why we use this tamponade are to reduce retinal folds and additional vitreoretinal traction, and thus to help flatten the retina. In addition, we believe that gas tamponade may reduce the risk of postoperative hemorrhage and may be effective in stabilizing postoperative intraocular pressure by preventing leakage from sutureless sclerotomy.

This study has two main limitations. One of them is a relatively small number of patients and the other is a short follow-up period. Besides limitations, one of the strongest aspects of our study is that pre- and post-operative quantitative measurements of metamorphopsia scores were performed by using M-CHART. Thus, as in previous studies, we tried to find out whether ILM peeling had a negative effect on the retinal function. To the best of our knowledge, there is no case-controlled study investigating the effect of ILM peeling on metamorphopsia scores in the literature. In this respect, our study is the first clinical trial assessing this topic. In a study conducted by Tachibana T et al. [50], a significant improve ment was found in HM scores after ILM peeling, but no similar improvement in VM scores and this result was attributed to the horizontal displacement of the macula due to ILM peeling [51]. In our study, there was a statistically significant decrease in VM and HM scores after ERM surgery in both groups, but no statistically significant difference was found between the groups. In light of our findings, it can be considered that ILM peeling can cause minimal damage to the retinal structure, but no significant effect on functional response in the clinical practice.

In a recent study conducted by Kinoshita T et al. [52] who measured pre- and post-operative metamorphopsia scores using M-CHARTS, the authors stated that the pre-operative metamorphopsia scores were a prognostic factor for post-operative metamorphopsia scores. In another study by the same group, pre-operative VM and HM scores were detected to be prognostic factors for the postoperative VM and HM scores [53]. As a result of these studies; the authors suggest that ERM surgery should be performed before a significant decrease in visual acuity and an increase of metamorphopsia severity. Similar to Kinoshita et al.'s study, we found a significant correlation between pre- and post-operative VM and HM scores in both groups. Based on our data, we consider that the pre-operative metamorphopsia score is a prognostic factor for the post-operative metamorphopsia scores.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, because of the mechanical damage of macula induced by ILM peeling, further deterioration may occur in the Muller cells and inner retinal layer. As a result of this damage, retina microperimetric and electrophysiological responses may be impaired. In this study, we, however, did not observe any negative effect of ILM peeling on visual acuity and metamorphopsia scores. Therefore, we believe that the ILM peeling, which is shown to reduce the ERM recurrence, may be added to standard surgery. The findings in our study should be supported by further clinical trials.

REFERENCES